Three different quantum field theories deal with three of the four fundamental forces by which matter interacts: electromagnetism, which explains how atoms hold together; the strong nuclear force ...

These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

That at least is the case with the strong nuclear force, one of four fundamental forces of nature (the others being electromagnetism, gravity and the weak nuclear force). The strong force holds ...

"These two binding energies are the result of three out of the four fundamental forces in physics: electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. This is in contrast to ...