Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

The top-down model has failed ... Five hopes for 2025 that should lead to a better Kenya and world The bottom-up approach is touted to have political dividends too. The income-generating projects ...

Top-down nanotechnology represents a traditional approach to nanofabrication, contrasting with the atom-by-atom assembly characteristic of bottom-up methods. This technique involves starting with a ...