Read the marketing material for any fund and you'll often find the manager saying that they take either a "top-down" or a "bottom-up" approach. Sometimes they claim to do both: "the fund combines ...

At the heart of bottom-up nanotechnology lies a process driven by thermodynamics and kinetics, rather than the deterministic approaches characteristic of top-down methods. This fundamental difference ...

Top-down nanotechnology represents a traditional approach to nanofabrication, contrasting with the atom-by-atom assembly characteristic of bottom-up methods. This technique involves starting with a ...

Ashish Gupta: So, you are right. A lot of the thematic top-down may not work as well. And you will have more bottom-up confidence in company earnings that is going to start to play through.