Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement ... and Africa, and to serve as a symbol of black grandeur and enterprise. The U.N.I.A. incorporated the Black Star Line in 1919.

Marcus Garvey was granted a posthumous pardon by ... He viewed the shipping company as a symbol of tangible success and economic potential for Black people. At the same time, Garvey started ...

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican civil rights activist, the founding father of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and an owner of the Black Star Line shipping company. In 1923 ...