By influencing calcium homeostasis, local protein synthesis and the endoplasmic reticulum, a small protein called Rab10 emerges as a crucial cytoplasmic regulator of neuropeptide secretion.

An evolutionarily conserved micropeptide, Sertm2, encoded by the lncRNA A730046J19Rik, promotes Etv4 + motor neuron subtype specification by GDNF, proper neurite development, and motor function.

Ernst Wolvetang, a biologist at the University of Queensland who has been working on stem cell research for decades, notes that the neuron clumps that Cortical Labs use are relatively simple.