DOQI guidelines further define the order in which access should be attempted: (1) radial artery to cephalic vein (wrist ... may have a higher incidence of subclavian steal syndrome and arm ...

CSBG: Carotid subclavian bypass graft; PTA: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The treatment of subclavian artery occlusive disease has evolved from surgery to percutaneous-based treatment ...

The external and internal jugular veins are joined by the subclavian vein, which enters the right atrium of the heart as the cranial vena cava (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Dissection of the cranial thorax ...