More than 4,000 naturally occurring minerals—inorganic solids that have a characteristic chemical composition and specific crystal structure—have been found on Earth. They are formed of simple ...

Earth has existed ... contain tiny traces of rock that are older than the hills themselves. The 50-mile-long (80 kilometers) ...

In a new paper, Jordan Jensen and Alexis Ault introduce a new forensic tool designed to enhance our understanding of how unconformities form. Iron oxide minerals are found in rocks around the world.

Despite seeming like a relatively stable place, the Earth's surface has changed dramatically ... across large discontinuous areas. Some minerals in rocks and organic matter (e.g., wood, bones ...