For centuries, humans have made use of glass in their art, tools, and technology. Despite the ubiquity of this material, ...

This research presents a comprehensive thermodynamic approach to glass, redefining equilibrium and enhancing the ...

The review bridges physics and biology by analyzing how stochastic thermodynamics—a framework describing energy exchanges in microscopic systems—helps explain limitations across diverse biological ...

thermodynamic relations, chemical reactions, and phase and chemical equilibrium. Thermodynamics concerns the foundation of all branches of physical sciences. Therefore, this course is highly ...

The first and second laws of thermodynamics. Entropy and equilibrium. Material and energy balances. Equations of state and properties of fluids. Solutions, phase equilibria, and chemical reaction.